Gordon Jennings: Do you really want to know about expansion chambers?

Do you really want to know about expansion chambers? is a 2-part article written by Gordon Jennings, who is one of the best technical authors in the two stroke community and the author of Two-Stroke Tuner's Handbook. It covers all the calculations and the formulas that are involved in the designing of an expansion chamber exhaust. In addition to that, the modifications required to the engine and the other factors that need to be considered are also covered.

The article can be downloaded here free of cost.
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Bernd Heibing, Metin Ersoy: Chassis Handbook






















Chassis Handbook is a book for automobile enthusiasts, engineers and hardcore technical enthusiasts preferably with a basic understanding of engineering and physics concepts along with knowledge of mathematics. Every section of the book goes into the technical detail, history and future of each aspect of a vehicle, the possibilities for the future, why a system is used and why another system isn't, what needs to be considered in the design of a specific aspect of the vehicle chassis, the calculations and formulae to be used . The book is similar to The Automotive Chassis by J. Reimpell, H.Stoll and J.W. Betzler but more comprehensive, more technical and future oriented in its content.

The book covers computational aspects of chassis design like Computer Aided Design, Vehicle System Simulations, Tire simulations accompanied by various conclusions and correlations with other variables, etc. Also included among other things is information on absolute root level topics like spring manufacturing techniques and the materials used based on the requirements of the component. The scope of the book, therefore, is very expansive. The contents of the book (given below) should give you a bit of information on what to expect from it when you purchase it.

Publisher: Vieweg+Teubner Verlag

Contents:
  1. Introduction and Fundamentals
    1. History, Definition, Function, and Significance
      1. History
      2. Definition and Scope
      3. Purpose and Significance
    2. Chassis Design
      1. Vehicle Classification
      2. Powertrain Configurations
      3. Chassis Composition
      4. Trends in Chassis Composition
    3. Chassis Layout
      1. Chassis Requirements
      2. Layout of Suspension Kinematics
      3. Suspension Kinematics
        1. Suspension Parameters Relative to Vehicle
        2. Roll and Pitch Center
        3. Wheel Travel
        4. Wheel Travel Parameters
        5. Steering Kinematic Parameters
        6. Kinematic Parameters of Current Vehicles
        7. Wheel Travel Curves
        8. Wheel Kinematic Calculation Software
      4. Elastokinematics and Component Compliances in Suspension Design
      5. Target Parameter Values
      6. Suspension Composition
  2. Driving Dynamics
    1. Driving Resistances and Energy Requirements
      1. Driving Resistances
        1. Rolling Resistance
        2. Effect of Road Surface on Rolling Resistance FR,Tr
        3. Aerodynamic Drag FA
        4. Climbing Resistance FC
        5. Inertial Resistance FI
        6. Total Driving Resistance
      2. Crosswind Response Behavior
      3. Performance and Energy Requirements
      4. Fuel Consumption
    2. Tire Traction and Force Transfer to the Roadway
      1. The Physics of Tire Traction and Force Transfer
        1. Acceleration and Braking
        2. Cornering
      2. Detailed Tire Forces
    3. Longitudinal Dynamics
      1. Acceleration and Braking
        1. Anti-Dive
        2. Anti-Lift (Anti-Squat)
        3. Load Changes During Straightline Driving
    4. Vertical Dynamics
      1. Springs
        1. Spring Ratio
        2. Natural (Eigen) Frequencies
      2. Vibration Dampers
      3. Excitations from the Roadway
        1. Harmonic Excitations
        2. Periodic Irregularities
        3. Stochastic (Random) Irregularities
        4. Spectral Density of Road Surface Irregularities
        5. Measured Road Surface Irregularities
      4. Tires as Spring/Damper Elements
      5. Suspension Models
        1. Single-Mass System
        2. Dual-Mass System
        3. Expansion of the Model to Include Seat Suspension Effects
        4. Single-Track Suspension Model
        5. Two-Track Suspension Model
      6. Parameter Variation
      7. The Roadway/Vehicle Connection
        1. Spectral Density of Vehicle Body Accelerations
        2. Spectral Density of Dynamic Wheel Loads
      8. Human Oscillation Evaluation
      9. Conclusions from the Fundamentals of Vertical Dynamics
    5. Lateral Dynamics
      1. Handling Requirements
      2. Steering Kinematics
        1. Static Steering Layout
        2. Dynamic Steering Layout
      3. Vehicle Modeling
        1. Simple Single-Track (Bicycle) Model
        2. Simple Vehicle Dynamics
        3. Understeer and Oversteer
        4. Expanded Single-Track Model with Rear-Wheel Steering
        5. Nonlinear Single-Track Model
        6. Analysis of Transient Behavior Using the Simple Single-Track Model
        7. The Vehicle as Part of a Closed-Loop System
        8. Dynamic Behavior of the Vehicle as part of a Closed-Loop System
        9. Slip Angle Compensation Using Rear-Wheel Steering
        10. Investigation of Frequency Response for Varied Vehicle Configurations
        11. Dual-Track Model
        12. Parameter Variations
    6. General Vehicle Dynamics
      1. Interactions between Vertical, Longitudinal, and Lateral Dynamics
    7. Chassis Control Systems
      1. Definition of Terms
      2. Limitations of the Passive Vehicle - Basic Goal Conflicts
      3. The Driver-Vehicle Control Loop
      4. Division of Chassis Control Systems into Domains
        1. Longitudinal Dynamics
        2. Lateral Dynamics
        3. Vertical Dynamics
      5. Requirements for Chassis Control Systems
    8. Handling Characteristics
      1. Handling Evaluation
      2. Driving Maneuvers
      3. Parameter Range of Maneuvers
      4. Tuning Procedures
        1. Tuning Procedures for Steady-State Steering Behavior
      5. Subjective Handling Evaluation
        1. Evaluation Methods and Representation
        2. Acceleration (Driveoff) Behavior
        3. Braking Behavior
        4. Steering Behavior
        5. Cornering Behavior
        6. Straightline Driving Behavior
        7. Ride Comfort
      6. Objective Handling Evaluations
        1. Measurement Parameters
        2. Acceleration (Driveoff) Behavior
        3. Braking Behavior
        4. Steering Behavior
        5. Cornering Behavior
        6. Straightline Driving Behavior
        7. Ride Comfort
    9. Active and Passive Safety
  3. Chassis Components
    1. Chassis Structuring
      1. Classification by Function
      2. Modular Chassis Structure
      3. Chassis Components
    2. Drivetrain
      1. Configurations
      2. Axle Drives
        1. Differentials
        2. Locking Differentials
        3. Active Differentials
        4. Torque Vectoring
      3. Four-wheel-drive (All-wheel-drive)
      4. Control Strategies
      5. Half-shafts
    3. Wheel Brakes and Braking Systems
      1. Fundamentals and Requirements
      2. Types of Braking Systems
        1. General Requirements
      3. Legal Regulations
      4. Brake System Design
        1. Brake Force Distribution
        2. Dimensioning
      5. Braking Torque and Dynamics
        1. Braking Torque
        2. Braking Dynamics
      6. Brake System Components
        1. Brake Calipers
        2. Brake Discs
        3. Brake Linings
        4. Drum Brakes
        5. Brake Fluid
        6. Brake Force Booster
        7. Tandem Master Cylinder
        8. Human Machine Interface (HMI)
      7. Electronic Braking Control Systems
        1. Brake Assistant (MBA, EBA, HBA)
        2. Wheel Speed Sensors
        3. Electronic Braking System Functions
        4. Electrohydraulic Brake (EHB)
        5. Electromechanical Brake (EMB)
        6. Networked Chassis
    4. Steering Systems
      1. Requirements and Designs
      2. Hydraulic Rack and Pinion Steering
        1. Technology and Function
        2. Design and Components
      3. Steering Tie Rods
      4. Steering Driveline and Steering Column
        1. Components and Function Modules
        2. Design and Testing
        3. Crash Requirements and Energy Absorption Mechanisms
        4. Future Prospects and Modularization
      5. Electromechanical Steering Systems
        1. Design Concepts
        2. Configuration and Advantages
      6. Active Steering and Superposition Steering
        1. Functional Principles and Configuration
        2. Functions - Present and Future
      7. Rack and Pinion Power Steering with Torque and Angle Actuators
      8. Rear-wheel and Four-wheel Steering Systems
      9. Steer-by-wire and Single-wheel Steering Systems
        1. System Configuration and Components
        2. Technology, Advantages, Opportunities
    5. Springs and Stabilizers
      1. The Purpose of the Spring System
      2. Design and Calculation of Steel Springs
        1. Leaf Springs
        2. Torsion Bar Springs
        3. Stabilizers
        4. Coil Springs
      3. Spring Materials
      4. Steel Spring Manufacture
        1. Hot Forming
        2. Heat Treating Hot Formed Springs
        3. Cold Forming
        4. Shot Peening
        5. Plastification
        6. Corrosion Protection
        7. Final Inspection and Marking
      5. Roll-Control Using Stabilizers
        1. Passive Stabilizers
        2. Switchable Off-Road Stabilizers
        3. Switchable On-Road Stabilizers
        4. Semi-Active Stabilizers
        5. Active Stabilizers
      6. Springs for use with Automatic Leveling Systems
        1. Purpose and Configurations
        2. Leveling Using a Gas Spring
      7. Hydropneumatic Springs
        1. Self-Pumping Hydropneumatic Spring/Damper Elements
      8. Air Springs
    6. Damping
      1. The Purpose of Damping
      2. Telescopic Shock Absorber Designs
        1. Twin-Tube Shock Absorbers
        2. Monotube Shock Absorbers
        3. Comparison of Damper Types
        4. Special Designs
      3. Coilover Shock Absorber and Strut
      4. Shock Absorber Calculations
      5. Additional Damper Futures
        1. Rebound and Compression Bump Stops
        2. Stroke-Dependent Damping
        3. Amplitude-Selective Damping
      6. Damper End Mounts
      7. Semi-Active Damping and Spring Functions
      8. Alternative Damping Concepts
        1. Magneto-Rheological (MRF) Dampers
        2. Conjoined Damping
        3. Load-Dependent Damping (PDC)
    7. Wheel Control
      1. Purpose, Requirements, and System Structure
      2. Suspension Links: Purpose, Requirements, and System Structure
        1. Control Arms (Control Links)
        2. Support Links
        3. Auxiliary Links
        4. Suspension Link Requirements
        5. Suspension Link Materials
        6. Suspension Link Manufacturing Processes
        7. Manufacturing Methods for Aluminum Suspension Links
        8. Configuration and Optimization of Suspension Links
        9. Integration of the Joints into the Link
      3. Ball Joints
        1. Purpose and Requirements
        2. Types of Ball Joints
        3. Ball Joint Components
        4. Bearing System (Ball Race, Grease)
        5. Sealing System (Sealing Boot, Retaining Ring)
        6. Suspension Ball Joints
        7. Preloaded Ball Joints
        8. Cross Axis Ball Joints
      4. Rubber Bushings
        1. Purpose, Requirements, and Function
        2. Types of Rubber Bushings
      5. Pivot Joints
      6. Rotational Sliding Joints (Trunnion Joints)
      7. Chassis Subframes
        1. Purpose and Requirements
        2. Types and Designs
    8. Wheel Carriers and Bearings
      1. Types of Wheel Carriers
      2. Wheel Carriers Materials and Manufacturing Methods
      3. Types of Wheel Bearings
        1. Bearing Seals
        2. Lubrication
        3. ABS Sensors
      4. Wheel Bearing Manufacturing
        1. Rings and Flanges
        2. Cages and Rolling Elements
        3. Assembly
      5. Requirements, Design, and Testing
        1. Bearing Rotational Fatigue Strength
        2. Component Strength and Tilt Stiffness
        3. Verification by Testing
      6. Future Prospects
    9. Tires and Wheels
      1. Tire Requirements
        1. Properties and Performance
        2. Legal Requirements
      2. Types, Construction, and Materials
        1. Tire Types
        2. Tire Construction
        3. Tire Materials
        4. The Viscoelastic Properties of Rubber
      3. Transmission of Forces between the Tire and the Road Surface
        1. Supporting Force
        2. Adhesion Behavior and Lateral Force Buildup
        3. Tangential Forces: Driving and Braking
        4. Sideslip, Lateral Forces, and Aligning Moments
        5. Sideslip Stiffness
        6. Tire Behavior under Slip
        7. Tire Uniformity
      4. Tire Simulation Models
        1. Tire Models for Lateral Dynamics
        2. Tire Models Using Finite Elements (FEM)
        3. Tire Models for Vertical Dynamics
        4. Tire Vibration Modes
        5. Cavity Natural Frequencies
        6. Full Tire Models
      5. Modern Tire Technologies
        1. Tire Sensors
        2. Run-Flat Tires
        3. Tires and Control Systems
        4. High Performance (HP) and Ultra High Performance (UHP) Tires
      6. Vehicle Testing and Measurement
        1. Subjective Test Procedures
        2. Objective Test Procedures for Longitudinal Adhesion
        3. Objective Test Procedures for Lateral Adhesion
        4. Acoustics
      7. Laboratory Testing and Measurement Methods
        1. Basic Tire Test Rig Designs
        2. Strength Tests
        3. Measuring Tire Characteristics Using a Test Rig
        4. Measuring Tire Characteristics Using a Vehicle-Mounted Test Rig
        5. Measuring Tire Rolling Resistance
        6. Measuring Uniformity and Geometry
        7. Roadway Measurements and Modeling
        8. Power Loss Analysis
        9. Tire Temperature Measurement
      8. The Future of Tire Technology
        1. Material Developments
        2. Energy Saving Tires
  4. Axles and Suspensions
    1. Rigid Axles
      1. The De Dion Driven Rigid Axle
      2. Rigid Axles with Longitudinal Leaf Springs
      3. Rigid Axles with Longitudinal and Lateral Links
      4. Rigid Parabolic Axle with a Central Joint and Lateral Control Links
    2. Semi-Rigid Axles
      1. Twist Beam Axles
        1. Torsion-Type Twist Beam Axles
        2. Standard Twist Beam Axles
        3. Couple-Type Twist Beam Axles
      2. The Dynamic Twist Beam Axle
    3. Independent Suspension
      1. Independent Suspension Kinematics
      2. The Advantages of Independent Suspension
      3. Single-Link Independent Suspension Systems
        1. Trailing Link Independent Suspension
        2. Semi-Trailing Link Independent Suspension
        3. Screw-Link Independent Suspension
      4. Two-Link Independent Suspension
        1. Lateral-Longitudinal Swing Axles
        2. Trapezoidal Link with One Lateral Link (Audi 100 Quattro)
        3. Trapezoidal Link with One Flexible Lateral Link (Porsche Weissach Axle)
      5. Three-Link Independent Suspension
        1. Central Link Independent Suspension
        2. Double Wishbone Independent Suspension
      6. Four-Link Independent Suspension
        1. Rear Axle Multi-Link Independent Suspension
        2. Multi-Link Suspension with Two Lower Two-Point Links
        3. Trapezoidal (Integral) Link Suspension
        4. Two Longitudinal and Two Lateral Links
        5. One Longitudinal and Three Lateral Links
        6. One Diagonal and Three Lateral Links
      7. Five-Link Independent Suspension
        1. Five-Link Front Suspension (SLA with two Decomposed 3-Point Links)
        2. Five-Link Rear Suspension
      8. Strut-Type Suspension System
    4. Front Axle Suspension
      1. Front Axle Suspension System Requirements
      2. Front Axle Components
      3. Front Axle Suspension Types
        1. McPherson with Upper Strut Brace
        2. McPherson with Optimized Lower Control Arm
        3. McPherson with Decomposed Lower Control Arm
        4. McPherson with Two-Piece Wheel Carrier
        5. Double Wishbone with Decomposed Control Arms
    5. Rear Axle Suspension
      1. Rear Axle Suspension Requirements
      2. Rear Axle Components
      3. Rear Axle Suspension Types
        1. Non-Driven Rear Axles
        2. Driven Rear Axles
      4. ULSAS Rear Axle Benchmark
    6. Design Catalog for Axle Type Selection
    7. The Chassis as a Complete System
      1. Front/Rear Axle Interaction
    8. Future Suspension Systems
      1. Axles of the Past 20 Years
      2. Relative Popularity of Various Current Axle Designs
      3. Future Axle Designs (Trends)
  5. Ride Comfort and NVH
    1. Fundamentals: NVH and the Human Body
      1. Concepts and Definitions
      2. Sources of Vibrations, Oscillations, and Noise
      3. Limits of Human Perception
      4. Human Comfort and Well-Being
      5. Mitigation of Oscillation and Noise
    2. Bonded Rubber Components
      1. Bonded Rubber Component Functions
        1. Transferring Forces
        2. Enabling Defined Movements
        3. Noise Isolation
        4. Vibration Damping
      2. The Specific Definition of Elastomeric Components
        1. Force-Displacement Curves
        2. Damping
        3. Setting
    3. Engine and Transmission Mounts
    4. Chassis and Suspension Mounts and Bushings
      1. Rubber Bushings
      2. Sliding Bushings
      3. Hydraulically-Damped Bushings (Hydro Bushings)
      4. Chassis Subframe Mounts
      5. Upper Strut Bearings and Damper Mounts
      6. Twist Beam Axle Mounts
    5. Future Component Designs
      1. Sensors
      2. Switchable Chassis Mounts
    6. Computation Method
    7. Acoustic Evaluation of Bonded Rubber Components
  6. Chassis Development
    1. The Development Process
    2. Project Management (PM)
    3. The Planning and Definition Phase
      1. Target Cascading
    4. The Concept Phase
    5. Computer-Aided Engineering
      1. Multi-Body Simulation (MBS)
        1. MBS Chassis and Suspension Models in ADAMS/Car
        2. CAD Chassis Models and Multi-Body Systems
        3. Multi-Body Simulation with Rigid and Flexible MBS
        4. Multi-Body Simulation Using Whole Vehicle, Chassis, and Axle Models
        5. Effects of Manufacturing Tolerances on Kinematic Parameters
      2. Finite Element Method (FEM)
        1. Classification of Analyses
        2. Strength Analyses
        3. Stiffness Analyses
        4. Natural Frequency Analyses
        5. Service Life and Durability Analyses
        6. Crash Simulations
        7. Topology and Shape Optimization
        8. Simulations of Manufacturing Processes
      3. Whole-Vehicle Simulations
        1. Vehicle Handling and Dynamic Simulations
        2. Kinematics and Elastokinematics
        3. Standard Load Cases
        4. MBS Model Verification
        5. NVH
        6. Loads Management (Load Cascading from Systems to Components)
        7. Whole-Vehicle Durability Simulations
        8. Whole-Vehicle Handling Fingerprint
        9. Specification of Elastokinematics using Control-System Methods
      4. 3D Modeling Software (CAD)
      5. Integrated Simulation Environment
        1. Kinematic Analysis Using ABE Software
        2. The Virtual Product Development Environment (VPE)
    6. Series Development and Validation
      1. Design
        1. Component Design
        2. Package Volume
        3. Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA)
        4. Tolerance Investigations
      2. Validation
        1. Prototypes
        2. Validation Using Test Rigs
        3. Roadway Simulation Test Rig
      3. Whole-Vehicle Validation
      4. Optimization and Fine-Tuning
    7. Development Activities During Series Production
    8. Summary and Future Prospects
  7. Chassis Control Systems
    1. Chassis Electronics
    2. Electronic Chassis Control Systems
      1. Domains
      2. Longitudinal Dynamic Control Systems - Wheel Slip Regulation
        1. Braking Control
        2. Electronically-Controlled Center Differentials
        3. Torque-on-Demand Transfer Cases
        4. Electronically-Controlled Axle Differentials
        5. Axle Drive for Lateral Torque Distribution
      3. Lateral Dynamic Control Systems
        1. Electric Power Steering Systems (EPS)
        2. Superimposed Steering
        3. Active Rear-Wheel Steering
        4. Active Rear-Axle Kinematics
      4. Vertical Dynamic Control Systems
        1. Variable Dampers
        2. Active Stabilizers
        3. Active Leveling Systems
      5. Safety Requirements
      6. Bus Systems
        1. CAN
        2. FlexRay
    3. System Networking
      1. Vehicle Dynamic Control (VDC)
      2. Torque Vectoring
      3. Vertical Dynamic Management
    4. Functional Integration
      1. System Architecture
      2. Standard Interfaces
      3. Smart Actuators
    5. Chassis Control System Simulating
      1. Simulation Models
      2. Hardware-in-the-Loop- Simulation
    6. Mechatronic Chassis Systems
      1. Longitudinal Dynamics
        1. Powertrain Systems
        2. Braking Systems
      2. Lateral Dynamics
        1. Front-Wheel Steering Systems
        2. Rear-Wheel Steering Systems
        3. Roll Stabilization Systems
        4. Active Kinematics
      3. Vertical Dynamics
        1. System Requirements
        2. Classification of Vertical Dynamic Systems
        3. Damping Systems
        4. Active Leveling Systems
        5. Current Active Spring Systems
        6. Fully Active Integrated Suspension Systems
        7. Pivots (Bushings, Joints, Mounts)
    7. X-by-wire
      1. Steer-by-wire
      2. Brake-by-wire
        1. Electrohydraulic Baking (EHB) Systems
        2. Electromechanical Braking (EMB) Systems
        3. ContiTeves Electromechanical Brake
        4. Radial (Full-Contact) Disc Brakes
        5. Wedge Brake
      3. Leveling-by-wire
    8. Driver Assistance Systems
      1. Braking Assistance Systems
        1. Safety-Relevant Braking Assistance
        2. Comfort-Oriented Braking Assistance
        3. Braking Assistance System Requirements
      2. Distance Assistance Systems
      3. Steering Assistance Systems
        1. Steering Assistance Using Adaptive Assistance Torque
        2. Steering Assistance Using Additional Steering Torque
        3. Steering Assistance Using a Supplemental Steer Angle
        4. Summary
      4. Parking Assistance Systems
        1. Introduction
        2. Parking Space Recognition
        3. Parallel Parking
        4. Steering Actuators
  8. The Future of Chassis Technology
    1. Chassis System Concepts - Focus on Customer Value
      1. Choosing Handling Behavior
      2. Diversification of Vehicle Concepts - Stabilization of Chassis Concepts
        1. Front Suspension as of 2004
        2. Rear Suspension as of 2004
      3. The Future of Chassis Subsystems and Components
        1. The Future of Axle Drive Units
        2. The Future of Braking Systems
        3. The Future of Steering Systems
        4. The Future of Suspension Spring Systems
        5. The Future of Dampers
        6. The Future of Wheel Control Components
        7. The Future of Wheel Bearings
        8. The Future of Tires and Wheels
    2. Electronic Chassis Systems
      1. Electronic Assistance Systems and Networking
      2. Networking, Chassis Control Systems
        1. Peaceful Coexistence
        2. Integral Control
        3. Networked Control
        4. Performance / Efficiency
        5. System Safety
        6. The Development Process
        7. Data Transmission Requirements
        8. Summary
    3. The Future of X-by-wire-Systems
    4. Intelligent and Predictive Future Chassis Systems
      1. Sensors
      2. Actuators
      3. Predictive Driving
    5. Hybrid Vehicles
    6. The Rolling/Driving Chassis
    7. The Vision of Autonomous Vehicle Control
    8. Future Scenarios for Vehicle and Chassis Technology
    9. Outlook
  9. Index


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J. Reimpell, H. Stoll, J.W. Betzler: The Automotive Chassis - Engineering Principles



















The Automotive Chassis is an English translation of a 450 page German book that has had at least 4 editions. The vast amount of information covered in this book is evident from the contents of the book given below. The book starts from the basics and goes into detail, describing and illustrating every part of a chassis  and its components, starting from the suspension and tires. There are plenty of illustrations to accompany the text. The text is easy to understand, even for non technical readers.

A highly recommended book for auto enthusiasts and readers in the beginning and intermediate stage in the automobile world.

Publisher: Society of Automotive Engineers Inc.

Contents:
  1. Preface
  2. Types of suspension and drive
    1. General characteristics of wheel suspensions
    2. Independent wheel suspensions – general
      1. Requirements
      2. Double wishbone suspensions
      3. McPherson struts and strut dampers
      4. Rear axle trailing-arm suspension
      5. Semi-trailing-arm rear axles
      6. Multi-link suspension
    3. Rigid and semi-rigid crank axles
      1. Rigid axles
      2. Semi rigid crank axles
    4. Front-mounted engine, rear-mounted drive
      1. Advantages and disadvantages of the front-mounted
        engine, rear-mounted drive design
      2. Non-driven front axles
      3. Driven rear axles
    5. Rear and mid engine drive
    6. Front-wheel drive
      1. Types of design
      2. Advantages and disadvantages of front-wheel drive
      3. Driven front axles
      4. Non-driven rear axles
    7. Four-wheel drive
      1. Advantages and disadvantages
      2. Four-wheel drive vehicles with overdrive
      3. Manual selection four-wheel drive on commercial and
        all-terrain vehicles
      4. Permanent four-wheel drive; basic passenger car with
        front-wheel drive
      5. Permanent four-wheel drive, basic standard design
        passenger car
      6. Summary of different kinds of four-wheel drive
  3. Tyres and wheels
    1. Tyre requirements
      1. Interchangeability
      2. Passenger car requirements
      3. Commercial vehicle requirements
    2. Tyre designs
      1. Diagonal ply tyres
      2. Radial ply tyres
      3. Tubeless or tubed
      4. Height-to-width ratio
      5. Tyre dimensions and markings
      6. Tyre load capacities and inflation pressures
      7. Tyre sidewall markings
      8. Rolling circumference and driving speed
      9. Influence of the tyre on the speedometer
    3. Wheels
      1. Concepts
      2. Rims for passenger cars, light commercial vehicles
        and trailers
      3. Wheels for passenger cars, light commercial vehicles
        and trailers
      4. Wheel mountings
    4. Springing behaviour
    5. Non-uniformity
    6. Rolling resistance
      1. Rolling resistance in straight-line driving
      2. Rolling resistance during cornering
      3. Other influencing variables
    7. Rolling force coefficients and sliding friction
      1. Slip
      2. Friction coefficients and factors
      3. Road influences
    8. Lateral force and friction coefficients
      1. Lateral forces, slip angle and coefficient of friction
      2. Self-steering properties of vehicles
      3. Coefficients of friction and slip
      4. Lateral cornering force properties on dry road
      5. Influencing variables
    9. Resulting force coefficient
    10. Tyre self-aligning torque and caster offset
      1. Tyre self-aligning torque in general
      2. Caster offset
      3. Influences on the front wheels
    11. Tyre overturning moment and displacement of point of
      application of force
    12. Torque steer effects
      1. Torque steer effects as a result of changes in normal
        force
      2. Torque steer effects resulting from tyre aligning torque 146
      3. Effect of kinematics and elastokinematics
  4. Wheel travel and elastokinematics
    1. Purpose of the axle settings
    2. Wheelbase
    3. Track
    4. Roll centre and roll axis
      1. Definitions
      2. Body roll axis
      3. Body roll centre on independent wheel suspensions
      4. Body roll centre on twist-beam suspensions
      5. Body roll centre on rigid axles
    5. Camber
      1. Camber values and data
      2. Kinematic camber alteration
      3. Camber alteration calculation by drawing
      4. Roll camber during cornering
      5. Elasticity camber
    6. Toe-in and self-steering
      1. Toe-in and crab angle, data and tolerances
      2. Toe-in and steering angle alteration owing to wheel
        bump-travel kinematics
      3. Toe-in and steering angle alteration due to roll
      4. Toe-in and steering angle alteration due to lateral forces
      5. Toe-in and steering angle alteration due to
        longitudinal forces
    7. Steer angle and steering ratio
      1. Steer angle
      2. Track and turning circles
      3. Kinematic steering ratio
      4. Dynamic steering ratio
    8. Steering self-centering – general
    9. Kingpin inclination and kingpin offset at ground
      1. Relationship between kingpin inclination and
        kingpin offset at ground (scrub radius)
      2. Braking moment-arm
      3. Longitudinal force moment-arm
      4. Alteration to the kingpin offset
    10. Caster
      1. Caster trail and angle
      2. Caster and straight running
      3. Righting moments during cornering
      4. Kingpin inclination, camber and caster alteration
        as a consequence of steering
      5. Kinematic caster alteration on front-wheel travel
      6. Wheel travel-dependent rotation of the rear steering
        knuckle
      7. Resolution of the vertical wheel force on caster
      8. Settings and tolerances
    11. Anti-dive and anti-squat mechanisms
      1. Concept description
      2. Vehicle pitch axis front
      3. Pitch axes rear
    12. Chassis alignment
      1. Devices for measuring and checking chassis
        alignment
      2. Measuring the caster, kingpin inclination, camber
        and toe-in alteration
  5. Steering
    1. Steering system
      1. Requirements
      2. Steering system on independent wheel suspensions
      3. Steering system on rigid axles
    2. Rack and pinion steering
      1. Advantages and disadvantages
      2. Configurations
      3. Steering gear, manual with side tie rod take-off
      4. Steering gear, manual with centre tie rod take-off
    3. Recirculating ball steering
      1. Advantages and disadvantages
      2. Steering gear
    4. Power steering system
      1. Hydraulic power steering systems
      2. Electro-hydraulic power steering systems
      3. Electrical power steering systems
    5. Steering column
    6. Steering damper
    7. Steering kinematics
      1. Influence of type and position of the steering gear
      2. Steering linkage configuration
      3. Tie rod length and position
  6. Springing
    1. Comfort requirements
      1. Springing comfort
      2. Running wheel comfort
      3. Preventing ‘front-end shake’
    2. Masses, vibration and spring rates
    3. Weights and axle loads
      1. Curb weight and vehicle mass
      2. Permissible gross vehicle weight and mass
      3. Permissible payload
      4. Design weight
      5. Permissible axle loads
      6. Load distribution according to ISO 2416
    4. Springing curves
      1. Front axle
      2. Rear axle
      3. Springing and cornering behaviour
      4. Diagonal springing
    5. Spring types
      1. Air- and gas-filled spring devices
      2. Steel springs
      3. Stops and supplementary springs
      4. Anti-roll bars
    6. Shock absorbers (suspension dampers)
      1. Types of fitting
      2. Twin-tube shock absorbers, non-pressurized
      3. Twin-tube shock absorbers, pressurized
      4. Monotube dampers, pressurized
      5. Monotube dampers, non-pressurized
      6. Damping diagrams and characteristics
      7. Damper attachments
      8. Stops and supplementary springs
    7. Spring/damper units
    8. McPherson struts and strut dampers
      1. McPherson strut designs
      2. Twin-tube McPherson struts, non-pressurized
      3. Twin-tube McPherson struts, pressurized
      4. Damper struts
    9. Variable damping
  7. Chassis and vehicle overall
    1. Vehicle and body centre of gravity
      1. Centre of gravity and handling properties
      2. Calculating the vehicle centre of gravity
      3. Axle weights and axle centres of gravity
      4. Body weight and body centre of gravity
    2. Mass moments of inertia
    3. Braking behaviour
      1. Braking
      2. Braking stability
      3. Calculating the pitch angle
      4. Influence of radius-arm axes
      5. Anti-dive control and brake reaction support angle
    4. Traction behaviour
      1. Drive-off from rest
      2. Climbing ability
      3. Skid points
    5. Platform, unit assembly and common part systems
  8. Bibliography
  9. Glossary of symbols
  10. Index of car manufacturers
  11. Index of car suppliers
  12. Subject index


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Tony Foale: Motorcycle Handling and Chassis Design




















Tony Foale is considered an expert in the field of building and modifying motorcycle chassis' and this book is one of the reasons why. Motorcycle Handling and Chassis Design is a 500 page successor to the original Tony Foale book - Motorcycle Chassis Design that was published in 1984.

In Foale's words, "It is an attempt to provide the reader with the background knowledge of how and why motorcycles react in the way that they do. An understanding at this level will however, equip the reader to undertake his own design, modifications or setup with greater confidence."

The major topics that the book covers are: motorcycle frame design, various rear end and front end designs (including forkless and wishbone-style designs), aerodynamics, damping techniques, etc. Tony's experiments, which he has been refining over the years, have also been covered in the book in the 'future developments' section along with other detailed contents that also include 2 wheel drive systems and 2 wheel steering systems. The book will allow you to understand the motorcycle you're riding/designing and allow you to accurately predict how each change will affect the handling and dynamics of the motorcycle.

Tony Foale also operates a website with some very interesting articles on the subject. A bunch of software programs for chassis design are also available for download. The book is easily available for purchase from Amazon.

Publisher: Tony Foale, 2006

 Contents:

  1. Function and History
    • Some basic definitions
    • Function
    • History
    • Front suspension
    • Rear suspension
    • Spring types
    • Load compression
     
  2. Tyres
    • Weight support
    • Suspension action
    • Tyre stiffness or spring rate
    • Contact area
    • Area when cornering
    • Friction (grip)
    • Braking & driving
    • Cornering
    • Mechanisms of grip
    • Under- and over-steer
    • Construction
    • Materials
    • Summary
     
  3. Geometric considerations
    • Basic motorcycle geometry
    • Trail
    • Rake or castor angle (steering axis inclination)
    • Wheelbase
    • Wheel diameter
    • Other considerations
    • Angular motions

  4. Balance and steering
    • Balance
    • Steering
    • Gyroscopic effects only 
    • Gyroscopic with tyre camber force only
    • Gyroscopic with tyre camber and steer forces
    • Tyre forces only - no gyroscopic effects
    • Body lean only- no steering
    • Conclusions

  5. Aerodynamics
    • Drag
    • Evolution of the racing fairing
    • Internal air flow
    • Lift
    • Airflow evaluation
    • Side wind stability (traditional view)
    • Steady state directional stability
    • Dynamic directional stability
    • Summary

  6. Suspension principles
    • Springs
    • Damping
    •  Sprung and unsprung mass
    • Basic suspension principles
    • Other factors
    • Lateral suspension
    • Summary

  7. Front suspension
    • Head stock mounted forks
    • Alternatives to the head stock mounted fork
    • Hub centre steered
    • Double link
    • McPherson strut based
    • Virtual steering axis

  8. Rear suspension
    • Effective spring rate
    • Chain effects
    • Wheel trajectory
    • Structural
    • Single or dual sided
    • Summary

  9. Squat and dive
    • Load transfer
    • Squat and dive
    • Shaft drive
    • Chain drive
    • Aerodynamic squat
    • Braking reaction (rear)
    • Dive (front)
    • Dynamic effects
    • Summary

  10. Structural considerations
    • Fatigue
    • Structural efficiency
    • Triangulation
    • Beam frames
    • Triangulated frames
    • Tubular backbone
    • Structural comparison
    • Fabricated backbone
    • Monocoque
    • Structural engine
    • Conventional multi-tubular
    • Twin-spar
    • Other types
    • Summary

    • Engine mounting

    • Braking
      • The basics
      • Effects of CoG height
      • Generation of torque
      • Hardware
      • Discs
      • Calipers
      • Pads
      • Linked brakes
      • ABS

      • Materials and properties
        • Typical properties of some common materials
        • Frame
        • Wheels
        • Fuel tank
        • Brake discs
        • Bodywork

        • Stability and control
          • Under-/over-steer
          • High-siding
          • Stability under braking
          • Instabilities
          • Damping

          • Performance measurement
            • Track side
            • Laboratory
            • Strength analysis
            • Measurement and simulation
            • Future development

            • Practical frame building
              • Welding
              • Distortion
              • Gussets
              • Jigging
              • Tube profiling
              • Tube types
              • Tube sizes
              • Frame finishes
              • Design layout

              • Case study
                • Measurement
                • Main frame
                • Engine mounting
                • Results
                • Material
                • Swing arm
                • Forks
                • Caution
                • Tuning

                • Future developments
                  • The status quo
                  • Future possibilities
                  • Active suspension
                  • Rheological fluids
                  • Two wheel drive (2WD)
                  • Two wheel steering (2WS)
                  • Feet-forward motorcycles (FF)

                  • Appendices
                    1. Experiments with rake and trail
                      • Rake
                      • Trail
                      • Conclusions
                      • Post script
                      • Glossary of terms
                      • Units conversion
                      • Gyroscopic effects
                      • Basic physics of motorcycles
                        • Basic trigonometry
                        • Units of angle
                        • Velocity
                        • Acceleration
                        • Mass
                        • Momentum
                        • Newton's laws
                        • Force and weight
                        • Moments, couples and torque
                        • Centripetal & centrifugal force
                        • Addition and resolution of velocities and forces
                        • Work, energy and power
                        • Nomenclature and sign conventions
                        • Normalization
                        • Analysis of mechanisms
                        • CoG and mass distribution of rider
                        • Typical data


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                      Keith Code: Twist of the Wrist 2



                      Keith Code published this book almost 10 years after the first Twist of the Wrist book. This book contains greater coverage of the source of classic rider problems and more information on going faster and avoiding reactions that may harm you on the road and the track. This book is basically an extended and more comprehensive version of the first edition.

                      Keith has likened the rider's attention to $10 worth of currency. Unexpected events and survival reactions take up all of your $10 worth of attention. Knowing what to do in each situation helps the rider keep some amount of spare attention for other aspects of riding. The aim is to get a proper understanding of riding technology and put it into practice regularly so that the bulk of the attention can be freed up for techniques that make you go faster.

                      Unlike the first book, Twist of the Wrist 2 has been divided into 4 major sections, each covering different aspects of riding - Throttle control, Rider Input, Steering, Vision, Braking, Traction, and Racing. Everything has been explained logically by outlining how one thing can affect the other. For example, braking techniques and styles have been compared using the tire contact patches, bike stability and the suspension behavior and how each of them is affected in different scenarios.

                      The book also contains notes and comments by extremely accomplished motorcycle racer, Doug Chandler.

                      Publisher: California Superbike School

                       Contents:
                      1. Foreword
                      2. Author's Note
                      3. Introduction
                      4. CHAPTER ONE
                        The Enemy — "Survival" Reactions
                        The seven survival reactions (SRs) that don't help you survive

                        SECTION ONE
                      5. CHAPTER TWO
                        Throttle Control — Rule Number One
                        Control and stability starts with your right wrist
                      6. CHAPTER THREE
                        Throttle Control — Suspension And Traction
                        Unraveling the mysteries of suspension by tuning the rider
                      7. CHAPTER FOUR
                        Throttle Control — Everyman's Ideal Line
                        What's my line? At last, an answer to the age old question
                      8. CHAPTER FIVE
                        Throttle Control — Get It On
                        Reducing the risks by understanding (and taking a few)
                      9. CHAPTER SIX
                        Throttle Control — The Force
                        It's all in the mind: Think slower go faster

                        SECTION TWO
                      10. CHAPTER SEVEN
                        Rider Input — Riders Create More Problems Than Motorcycles are Designed To Handle
                        Your bike may be trying to get rid of you
                      11. CHAPTER EIGHT
                        Rider Input — Holding On
                        Handlebars are a control, not a worry bar
                      12. CHAPTER NINE
                        Rider Input — The Problem Of Stability
                        Wiggles and shakes: Work less-get less
                      13. CHAPTER TEN
                        Rider Input — Riding And Sliding
                        Let it slide: Overcontrol bites the hand that feeds it
                      14. CHAPTER ELEVEN
                        Rider Input — Man Plus Machine
                        How would it feel with a 150 lb, sack of jelly on your back

                        SECTION THREE
                      15. CHAPTER TWELVE
                        Steering — The Forces To Beat
                        Shaking hands with confusing forces puts you in control
                      16. CHAPTER THIRTEEN
                        Steering — Steer For The Rear
                        Look behind to find out what's happening in front
                      17. CHAPTER FOURTEEN
                        Steering — The Rules
                        It's done to a turn, when you flick it once
                      18. CHAPTER FIFTEEN
                        Rider Input — Lazy Turns And The Turn Scale
                        The lean-angle credit department pays big dividends in spare degrees
                      19. CHAPTER SIXTEEN
                        Steering — Strange Lines And Quick Turning
                        Do it now, and do it quick
                      20. CHAPTER SEVENTEEN
                        Steering — The Key To Speed
                        Visions of traction eating monsters and decreasing radius turns?
                      21. CHAPTER EIGHTEEN
                        Steering — The Three Tools Of Turning
                        Pinpoint eleven major decisions by deciding to do it there
                      22. CHAPTER NINETEEN
                        Steering — Pivot Steering
                        Power steering, your new factory option on any bike

                        SECTION FOUR
                      23. CHAPTER TWENTY
                        Vision — Lost In Space, Or, Too Fast For What?
                        Look at it this way; it could get a lot worse
                      24. CHAPTER TWENTY ONE
                        Vision — Reference Points (RPs) Revisited — The Missing Link
                        Blast a hole in your tunnel vision: Take a wide screen view of things
                      25. CHAPTER TWENTY TWO
                        Vision — Wide Screen: Different Drills
                        Try not to see it all for one minute — I'll bet you can't
                      26. CHAPTER TWENTY THREE
                        Vision — The Two-Step
                        It's a dance you do with curves
                      27. CHAPTER TWENTY FOUR
                        Braking — Nothing New
                        There's nothing easier to make more difficult
                      28. CHAPTER TWENTY FIVE
                        Traction — Pros/Cons And Uses
                        Too much of a good thing can make you dull
                      29. CHAPTER TWENTY SIX
                        Racing — The Tools And Goals
                        Get the parts right, get your times down and beat some guys


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                      Nigel Cross, Anita Clayburn Cross: Winning by Design - The methods of Gordon Murray, racing car designer

                      "Winning by Design: the methods of Gordon Murray, racing car designer" is a case study of the working methods of the highly successful designer (Gordon Murray) in a highly competitive design domain - Formula One racing car design.

                      Gordon is pretty popular in the automotive world for his racing car and road car designs. He was the chief designer for the very successful Brabham and McLaren racing car teams in the 1970s and 1980s. His record of success is characterized by innovative breakthroughs, often arising as sudden illuminations, based on considering the task from first  principles and from a systemic viewpoint. His working methods are highly personal and include intensive use of drawings. The study also looks at the personality factors and team management abilities of Gordon along with his similarities with some other successful and innovative designers.

                      In short, its a small 17 page case study that covers Gordon Murray's thought process while designing cars, his approach to problems, innovative solutions, etc. throughout his career and includes aspects relating to both road car design (McLaren F1) and race car design (Formula 1). It can be downloaded easily for a small fee from a variety of sources or read for free in the case of most students with university accounts at popular journal stores.

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                      Wm. C. Mitchell: Roll Center Myths and Reality

                      If you're into designing or modifying cars, this 6 page document will prove to be very useful to you, even if you end up reading it only once.

                      Body roll in cars is a common issue. Wm. C. Mitchell, in this document, explains the concept of roll center and the process of body roll in a very simplified form that everyone should be able to understand. It covers the following topics in short but detailed form:
                      • The basic concept of body roll - How much lateral cornering force is converted to vertical force.
                      • The roll center and how it changes dynamically  in a vehicle and its effect on its handling.
                      • The interaction of various forces in 3 dimensions and their effect on the handling of the vehicle.
                      • Four myths about Roll Center explained.

                      Click here to download the PDF: Roll Center Myths and Reality


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